History of Radio Essay Example

History of Radio Essay One of the most important means of communication among people in human history is the radio.The radio has many wide spread uses in todays society, which is very different from that fifty years ago. While in its prime, about the twenties, the radio was a common household item, having a major influence on the lives of Americans. A common picture of this time usually consisted of families gathered around their radio during evening hours in order to listen to a variety of programs ranging from dramas, light comedies, variety shows, to live music.Todays society uses the radio for more conventional uses, such as listening to the news or music.In addition, the economy began to gain immensely by creating new opportunities for business expansion. The invention of variations of the radio is credited to many scientists of many different fields, but the invention of the radio in which most Americans today know is given to a man generally known as the Father of Radio Guglielmo Marconi.Marconi is responsible for the worldsfirst wireless radiobroadcast.Guglielmos parents, Giuseppe Marconi and Annie Jameson had two sons, himself and his brother older Alfonso.Guglielmo Marconi was born April 25, 1874, in Bologna, high in the northern part of Italy.He was educated privately at Bologna, Florence and Leghorn. Around the age of fourteen he took a keen interest in physical and electrical science and studied the works of Maxwell, Hertz, Righi, Lodge and others.He began to admire the triumph of Samuel Morse and the telegraph system.From this admiration strung determination to learn all that he could about electrical sciences.In 1895 Marconi began laboratory experiments at his fathers country estate, in Pontecchio.It wasn;t until then he succeeded in sending wireless signals. Although thefirst broadcast was a short one, containing only a short series of clicks it was a major advancement

How Does Iago Manipulate Cassio Essays

How Does Iago Manipulate Cassio Essays How Does Iago Manipulate Cassio Paper How Does Iago Manipulate Cassio Paper I am not what I am. Despite Iagos confession to Roderigo that he is not what he appears to be, this puppeteer of a character is still enabled to pull the strings of those around him, all the while preserving his reputation as the honest Iago. This could be attributed to Iagos use of language as a persuasive, manipulative, emotional and rhetoric device. When attempting to rile up Brabantio, Iago uses bestial imagery such as a black ram is tupping your white ewe and the Moor and your daughter are now making the beast with two backs. This metaphor reflects the Elizabethan stereotype that a black man is power hungry, uncivilised, savage and a worthless outsider. In the period of time the play is set in, inter-racial marriages between black and white couples were unacceptable and Iago plays on this to enrage Brabantio. This animal references works not only work to craft Othello as an animalistic, violent, sexual being in Brabantios eyes, but also to portray his daughter as innocent and pure with the use of the word white. This causes a contrast between the two lovers, flaring a fathers need to protect his daughter by victimising Desdemona and bestialising Othello. Similarly, Iago plays on the perception of a fathers role in the context of the play by using connotations of robbery to imply that Desdemona, her fathers property, has been stolen from Brabantio personally. Iago repeats the word thieves and even asks are your doors locked as a way to anger Brabantio and manipulate him into viewing the situation as a theft from himself, as he has not given Desdemona and Othello permission to be wed. He even says your heart is burst, you have lost half you soul to further enforce the view that Desdemona is Brabantios property and a part of him which riles Brabantio up further as it implies that he has been stolen from. Also within this scene, Iago uses repetition in now, now, very now and thieves, thieves, thieves! to instil an air of urgency and create immediate chaos. The urgency riles up Brabantio which is what leads him to act so suddenly and rashly. Iago manages to manipulate Othello by using language techniques in the third act. He effectively plants the seeds of doubt in Othellos mind with did Michael Cassio, when you wooed my lady, Know of your love? which is a suggestive statement which forces Othello to question Cassio. After this, Iago then withdraws from this line of conversation with remarks such as but for a satisfaction of my thought without revealing what his thoughts are. This effectively raises suspicion in Othellos mind which was Iagos exact purpose. He uses repetition again but this time by repeating Othellos words which creates an echoing effect and makes Othello uneasy as every conclusion he jumps to is justified with Iagos repetition which allows Iago to be subtle and not draw attention to himself as the meddler. He uses rhetoric and short sentences such as honest, my lord? to quicken the pace of their conversation which adds a sense of paranoia and edginess which unsettles Othello and again makes him question Cassio. This technique works so effectively as a way to assert power over others because it gives the perception that Othello has come to his conclusions about Cassio by himself, when in fact Iago has planted these ideas in his head. Iago uses implications in a similar manner to deposit thoughts into the minds of others. In Act 3, he remarks Ha, I like not that but when asked to explain answers Nothing, my lord; or if i know not what which not only paints him as an honourable character to Othello but causes doubt as his reaction is never explained, making Othello curious. He also implies that Cassio is doing something wrong while saying the opposite in I cannot think it that he would steal away so guilty-like seeing you coming. This plants words that again spark connotations with robbery and deception into Othellos head whilst in fact denying any such thing. This coerces Othello into believing that Cassio may be hiding something. Iago is also manipulative towards Roderigo. His plan is engendered after Roderigo has confessed to him his love for Desdemona. Iago teases Roderigo by saying thou shalt enjoy her to play on his desires and covertly promise that he shall get what he wants. He also plays on Cassios priorities of male camaraderie and military lifestyle to influence him into playing into Iagos hands. Iago plans to get Cassio drunk to ensure he loses face with Othello so he uses Cassios priorities to encourage him to drink. For example, Cassio takes rank seriously so Iago suggests they have a measure to the health of black Othello, a toast that would be rude and disrespectful for Cassio to ignore in both a professional and personal light. He later manipulates Cassio into drinking more by singing a soldier-like song a soldiers a man, mans lifes but a span, why then let a soldier drink! which works effectively as Iago is aware of Cassios need to fit in with the others and his dedication to his army position. Another tool Iago uses with his language is to adjust it to suit his company. He relaxes his language around Roderigo to appear equal to the simple Venetian gentleman and give him the perception that the two are on a level. The structure is continuous prose, a baser form of speech, when the two converse which Shakespeare has used to highlight the difference to when Iago talks to others, showing how he changes his character depending on who he is talking to to play the situation to his advantage. When Iago converses with characters with a higher status he reverts back to blank verse, a politer form. Iago uses this to make himself relatable, and therefore trustworthy to all of the other characters, allowing him to manipulate them further. This is important when he asks Roderigo to be conjunctive in our revenge as it makes Roderigo more likely to agree after they are seen to be equal. Roderigo asks wilt thou be fast to my hopes, if I depend on the issue? to which Iago replies thou art sure of me. Another more obvious example of how Iago places words into other peoples mouths as a tool to influence them. Iagos convincing rhetoric and language techniques clearly reveal what a powerful and dangerous tool language can be, especially when used by the eloquent, but deceitful, individual. He is obviously a well educated and intelligent character which makes his manipulation that much more well-placed and influential. Iago makes the catastrophic destruction he causes look like childs play as the language devices he uses are so simple yet effective.

How did the psychological disorders, such as shell shock, in World War Essay - 1

How did the psychological disorders, such as shell shock, in World War I impact on the societal, cultural, and political level in West European countries such as Britain and France - Essay Example But the impacts were for a fact a concern. The impact can be seen from the aftermath prompt cure; cognitive re-structuring of various traumatic experiences (i.e. avoiding the past thoughts) and interacted with the therapist in the seeking for a cure. On social front many were unable to fit well into the society as a lot had changed during the cause of the war. Many of the soldiers were psychologically ill affecting their lives and individual families. After the war many traumatized soldiers from France and Britain soldiers shared several common symptoms – from twitches, anxiety, speech difficulties and digestive complications to more complex nervous indispositions. These affected the economic frontier of their countries since many were incapable to appropriately fit into the society. For instance, while doctors found it strange that these symptoms many times often never present in these countries until the solder was back in the original confines of civilian life. These psycho logical disorders in World War I impact on the societal level of Britain and France. The soldiers were largely unable to culturally transform in these European nations and unable to conform to the cultural expectations. The post psychological impacts such as shell shock have gone a long way in impacting on cultural aspect of the British and French societies. World War 1 can be considered as one of the hinge moment in the culture of the Britain and France. This can be largely attributed to the psychological experiences that were evident. Together the path of cultural effect was set one that set all the difference. Most notable was the impact was in cultural values such as traditional ideologies. The nature of the treatment become more integral part of the cultural heritage and later changed the cultural expectation and behaviors in Britain

Problems Publlic Schools Face Across the Nation Annotated Bibliography

Problems Publlic Schools Face Across the Nation - Annotated Bibliography Example In the administration block, teachers are sitting in their desks waiting for students to turn up for classes but at the end of the day, no one shows up. This behavior should be blamed on most parents who do not orient their children on the importance of education. It is obvious that students would not act any differently when their parents are not motivating them to study. The teachers, parents, and administrators have totally lost control over their children. Apart from this, politicians and state legislators thwart teachers over their judgment and allocation of grades come graduation day. Teachers face many problems in schools in that they lack good training and teaching materials for their large classes. This poses a great challenge to the teachers because they cannot give assignments to students since some of them lack textbooks. Students, they have already given up studying because education among peers does not matter and of less value. Self-esteem and motivation is low and fragile that even students achievement of reading, learning or doing a simple algebra assignment is viewed as personal attack. The government enacted ‘No Child Left Behind Act’ to address the issues that public schools were facing, but unfortunately, instead of correcting the system, it has infringed it more. Under this policy, a lot of emphasis is laid on punitive actions and test scores. What destroys education system is that this law provides that students are forced to learn for NCLB tests versus offering education they need. NCLB policy is too stringent and it has failed to offer necessary financial incentives to enact the law. The problem with this educational reform is that it does not include all educational stakeholders in its programs when allocating funds. Everyone is a victim of a failed government policy including the government, teachers, society, parents, colleges, administrators, and society. It seems hopeless and irrelevant as no

Health care policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care policy - Essay Example The Health Care policy is addressed to articulate the origins and benefits of the scheme that has noticed various setbacks in the implemented environments. Health care policy is the strategies developed to regulate the need to complete measures that are needed to offer affordable health attention. The U.S. provides variable entities to the provision that is initiated in different sectors. The health care facilities are privately owned with organizations and the government offering the needed packages for attention. The policy is mostly offered by the government to initiate the Medicare and Medicaid policies. The higher spending in the Health Care system has reduced the mortality rate in America significantly promising healthy living to the people. However, the elevated costs incurred, and inflation threatens the sustainability of the system (Shannon, 2004). There are provided unnecessary spending that present to limit the American economy. The growth of the system is challenged in the organization and provision that have been established as constraining to the policy. The recent trend has witnessed the health care premium to inflate and rise to tremendous depths as compared to the economy. The health care organization in the U.S. has been elevated to be compared to double the price of those in developed nations (Kronenfeld, 2002). The government initiates the policy from the contribution in the taxes presented by the citizens. The policy is affected by the government and the private institutions that commit to presenting the program to their employees. Institutions offer the Health Care policies to their employees based on the agreement of the package presented. These ensure a healthy working environment that provides security to the employed in times of emergencies (Shannon, 2004). However, the government system may also present desirable measures to be attained in a healthy provision. The Obamacare has

Effects of Globalisation on Businesses

Effects of Globalisation on Businesses Arpan Ganguly    Introduction Globalisation is a force that shapes our contemporary world, affecting business, environment, and society. Suppliers, corporations, and consumers are linked by information, material, and capital flows as production processes become increasingly dispersed around the globe (Kopnina & Blewitt, 2015). Globalisation is the ongoing process that is linking people, neighborhoods, cities, regions and countries much more closely together than they have ever before. This has resulted in our lives being intertwined with people in all parts of the world via the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the music we listen to, the information we get and the ideas we hold (UNESCO, 2010). The Risks and Opportunities from Globalisation (2007) mentions that since globalisation has the trend towards increasing the global economic integration, is one of the largest force affecting the world economies at the present. The current period of increase in globalisation will have major ramifications for the world and New Zealand economy (New Zealand Treasury, 2007). Globalisation has been taking place for hundreds of years, but has speeded up enormously over the last half-century, however globalisation is not helping to close the gap between the worlds poorest and the worlds richest (BBC UK, 2014). Effects of Globalisation on Businesses Positive   Ã‚   Competition: Globalisation leads to increased competition in businesses. The competition can be related to product and service cost or price, target markets, technological adaptation etc. When a company produces with less cost it is able to increase its market share (Forsyth, 2011). Due to competition growth companies and foreign brands have been compelled to improve their standards and consumer benefits which have positively affected many people globally. Although there are a few negative impacts of competition but the positive outcomes outweigh the negatives. Rise in Technology: Globalisation has also allowed a significant rise in the level of technology used in todays world. Many entrepreneurial and internationally oriented firms have obtained the help of technology to exploit new business opportunities. A good example of this would be the increasing usage of E-commerce procedures in majority of businesses. Technology is also one of main tools of competition and the quality of goods and services. Globalisation has increased the speed of technological transfers and improved overall technological quality. Most companies in capital intensive markets are at risk and thats why they need good and efficient technology and R&D management (Forsyth, 2011). Employment: Due to globalisation people from various countries are provided with jobs. It has also created the concept of outsourcing. Work such as software support, marketing, accounting, etc. are given to developing countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal etc. Impacts of Globalisation on Businesses Negative Fluctuation in Prices: Globalisation has led to fluctuation in price across the globe in various areas. Due to increase in competition, business firms in developed countries are forced to lower their prices for their products. A big example of this is countries like China produce goods at a much lower cost than other countries which lead other firms and organizations in other parts of the world lower their prices to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. This is a negative effect as it reduces the ability to sustain social welfare (UKESSAYS, 2015). Job Insecurity in Business: In developed countries, the risk of job insecurity is increasing. Globalisation has led to firms outsourcing their jobs to developing countries, which have led to lesser jobs in developed countries. Outsourcing occurs because businesses want to manufacture their products at a cheaper rate, which is possible in developing countries such as India, China where manufacturing costs and wages are lower than highly developed countries. As mentioned earlier, jobs such as software programmer, accountant etc. are outsourced to developing countries which has led to a lot of people in the same profession to lose their jobs (UKESSAYS, 2015). Summary To summarize globalisation can be said to be good, bad and inevitable. People want the good to outweigh the bad but prolonged exposure to globalisation is something that is inevitable (Gemma, 2014). The only solution is to make use to resources of the world in the best manner possible for both the betterment of businesses and society. References BBC. (2014). Globalisation. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/globalisation/globalisation_rev1.shtml Gemma, W. (2014, May 7). Impact of globalization: the good, the bad, the inevitable. Retrieved from https://blog.udemy.com/impact-of-globalization/ Forsyth, P. (2011, October 6). How globalization affects business. Retrieved from http://bookboon.com/blog/2011/10/how-globalization-affects-business/ Kopnina, H., & Blewitt, J. (2015). Sustainable business: Key issues in environment and sustainability. London: Routledge. McPheat, S. (2011, July 7). The effects of globalisation on business. Retrieved from http://www.mtdtraining.com/blog/the-effects-of-globalisation-on-business.htm UNESCO. (2010). Globalisation. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/mod18.html UKESSAYS. (2015). Positive and negative effects of globalization. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/positive-and-negative-effects-of-globalisation-for-business-economics-essay.php

How Rococo and Neoclassicism Illustrate the Process of Deciding in thei

How Rococo and Neoclassicism Illustrate the Process of Deciding in their Paintings The artists Jean-Honore Fragonard and Jaques-Louis David both successfully embody their respective stylistic differences. Fragonard’s style of painting is Rococo, which is characterized by its softness, asymmetry and curviness. Contrasting these ideals is David’s style of painting, Neo-Classicism. Neo-Classicism is synonymous with strong gestures, symmetry, and solidness. Two works that best exemplify the ideals of each style of painting are Fragonard’s The Swing, 1767 and David’s The Death of Socrates, 1787. Although at first glance, it is easier to focus on how each work is different to the other, one can argue that they are similar in theme. Both The Swing and The Death of Socrates are works that deal with the theme of decision making. However, they differ in how each work portrays the theme of deciding. While The Swing focuses on infidelity and the process of deciding, The Death of Socrates makes it clear that loyalty to government is stronger than the ties of friendship or acquaintance. By examining use of light, form, subject matter as well as other artistic elements, one can see how each artist conveys a message by utilizing their style of art. Although both Fragonard’s and David’s work convey different ideals through their style of painting, they are still able to use light in a very similar form. The viewer’s attention is directed on a specific point in the painting through the use of light. Both artists cast a spotlight on the figure or action in the painting that they want the viewer to especially notice. It is what each artist decides to focus on that makes his work is different from the other. A young woman on a swing who enjoys the pleasures of life is clearly where Fragonard wants to direct the viewer’s attention. However, David focuses attention on a male figure, specifically Socrates. How does the use of light help the viewer understand the ideals of each form of art? While Fragonard chooses to focus on a female and David chooses to focus on a male, the viewer now understands how Rococo can be a feminine form of art and Neo-Classicism the opposite. In addition, other stylistic e lements like color and form depict how each art form differs from the other. By using all this visual evidence, we will later see how the concept of deciding... ...d is clearly weaker than the one handing Socrates the poison. This shows how one’s duty to the government is far more important than one’s own personal views or feelings. We can make the argument that there had to be a relationship between Socrates and this figure. By paying attention to elements such as subject matter, light, form, and placement of figures, we can see how these enhance the ideals depicted by each form of art. As a result, we can understand how Neo-Classical art is an attempt to counter the values of Rococo. Rococo is a form of art directly targeted to the privileged. Because not everyone in society belongs to the aristocracy, the Neo-Classicist wanted to impose order as an alternative to the frivolous life style. As a result, we have to works of art that challenge each other’s ideals. The theme of infidelity versus loyalty and how one arrives at the decision made is animated in the works of Fragonard and David. However, it is important to note that there is no right or wrong form of art, although it may seem that this was the common perception of the time. In conclusion, both works of are similar in one important aspect; they are both works of art.

Treatment of us pows by the germans in world war II

One of the significant features of World War II was a great number of prisoners of war (POW‘s) to be kept both by Allies and Axis. The way those prisoners were treated differed greatly dependently on the nation of a prisoner and the country of imprisonment.   This paper discusses the treatment of the American prisoners captured on the European theatre and compares it to the treatment of prisoners from other countries, such as Britain, Poland and Russia.In total Some 95,000 American and 135,000 British and Commonwealth servicemen were incarcerated in prisoners of war (POW) camps in Germany during World War II. The prisoners were held in some fifty German POW camps, of several types. These included the Stalag (Stammlager, permanent camps for noncommissioned officers and enlisted men), Stalag Luft (Luftwaffestammlager, permanent camps for air force personnel), and Oflag (Offizierslager, permanent officers’ camps). American POWs were found in many of the POW camps, but the majority of camps contained only a few Americans. In some camps (Stalags II-B, III-B, IV-B, XVII-B, Luft I, Luft III, and Luft IV), however, the number of American POWs ran into the thousands.The basic international instrument, regulating the POW‘s status at the time was the 1929 the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, signed by 47 governments. Subject to this convention, no prisoner of war could be forced to disclose to his captor any information other than his identity (i.e., his name and rank, but not his military unit, home town, or address of relatives). Every prisoner of war was entitled to adequate food and medical care and had the right to exchange correspondence and receive parcels. He was required to observe ordinary military discipline and courtesy, but he could attempt to escape at his own risk. Once recaptured, he was not to be punished for his attempt.Officers were to receive pay either according to the pay scale of their own country or to that of their captor, whichever was less; they could not be required to work. Enlisted men might be required to work for pay, but the nature and location of their work were not to expose them to danger, and in no case could they be required to perform work directly related to military operations. Camps were to be open to inspection by authorized representatives of a neutral power.  Germany in general followed the 1929 Geneva Convention in the treatment of American and British servicemen in POW camps, with little difference to be found in treatment with Americans and British. POW‘s were not to be individually confined, and the food served them should have been equal to that served to German troops. The ration was reduced by the end of the war, but this was related to the general situation with food in Germany. Much greater problem for the POW‘s was the warm clothing, often not provided by the Germans, however the prisoners could receive acceptable clothes from th e Red Cross and from their families via the Red Cross.The prisoners were allowed to arrange recreational activities, such as sport games by their own, also some attention was paid to the religious demands of catholic and protestant POW‘s, the largest POW camps had chapels on their territory. The prisoners, involved in work received small payment (5 to 10 marks) for their effort, though the amount of money, which a POW could possess was limited. An important right for the British and American prisoners was a right to send and receive mail, although the delivery of mail was very erratic, and a letter or a parcel required several weeks to transit.American and British prisoners’ worst enemy was usually boredom. One of the most important activities which overcame this enemy was reading. The American and British peoples, through the various agencies which undertook the task of providing POWs with books, made it possible for prisoners to obtain books which were so necessary an d useful. It helped the prisoners to occupy their time and keep their mental capacity. When the American and British POWs left the prisoners of war camps, approximately 1 million books were left behind.One can notice, that the treatment of British and American POW‘s was tolerant enough, except for some cases of spontaneous violence, such as murder of USAF and RAF pilots by the German civilians, angry with their air raids. However, this human attitude was hardly applied to the prisoners from other countries, retained in Germany. Polish, Yugoslavian and especially Russian prisoners received the worst treatment ever imaginable.There were several reasons for it, and the most important of them was the notorious Nazi racial doctrine, which considered the Slaves to be Untermenschen or underhumans, almost equal to Jews. The Soviet Union was also not a party to 1929 Geneva Convention, and so could not count for Red Cross assistance. Finally, Stalin, being suspicious of everyone out of his control, proclaimed all the Russian POW‘s to be traitors and deprived them with any rights or aid.Dealing with Russian prisoners became even more complicated as the amount of captives at the first year of war reached 5 million, creating problems even with simple accommodation. Russian soldiers, captured in the great encirclements, were often left without food for weeks, causing starvation and typhus. Some categories of prisoners, such as Jews or Communist party members were usually shot immediately. The survivors were taken to the concentration camps on the territory of the Soviet Union, Poland and Germany itself.At the later period working with Russian POW‘s became more organized. Germans point now was to use the mass of people in their disposal in the most rational way. Those of the prisoners, who conformed with the racial demands (mostly originating from the Baltic or western regions of Russia) could voluntary join the Wehrmacht. Other volunteers, mostly recent ca ptives, were used as Hiwi Hilfswillige), or helpers in the army units.The fate of the others to be kept in the concentration and death camps, such as Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Dachau. Forced labour of the Russian POW‘s was actively used at the German civil an military enterprises, including aircraft factories and V-2 rockets production.  Another way of exploiting the Untermenschen was to use them for medical and military experiments. For example, 600 Soviet prisoners were gassed in Auschwitz on 3 September 1941 at the first experiment with ZyklonB.  Based on the overstated one can make a conclusion, that treatment of the American and British POW‘s, captured by the Germans was surely   preferable to the treatment of other POW‘s. General observance of international law towards allied prisoners by Germany along Red Cross activity, provided them with huge benefits in comparison with the Slavic, Jewish and other POW‘s.BIBLIOGRAPHYM. R. D. Fott, â€Å"Prison ers of War,† The Oxford Companion to World War II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995)The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.  Ã‚  2001.American Prisoners of War in Germany. Prepared by Military Intelligence Service, War Department 1 Nov 1945W. Wynne Mason, Prisoners of War (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945) (Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1954)Antony Beevor Stalingrad (Penguin Books, New York, 1999) [1] M. R. D. Fott, â€Å"Prisoners of War,† The Oxford Companion to World War II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 913–915;[2] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.  Ã‚  2001. [3] American Prisoners of War in Germany. Prepared by Military Intelligence Service, War Department 1 Nov 1945[4]W. Wynne Mason, Prisoners of War (Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945) (Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1954), pp. 42–43; [5] Antony Beevor Stalingrad (Penguin Books, New York, 1999), pp.- 15, 60, 166 [6] Antony Beevor. Ibid. p.-59

Communication Law Worksheet Essays

Communication Law Worksheet Essays Communication Law Worksheet Essay Communication Law Worksheet Essay 1. Communication Law is primarily about the First Amendment. What different types of speech can you identify that may have different protection under the first amendment? Under the First Amendment many types of speech receive the most stringent levels of protection while others receive little to no protection at all. Political or religious speech are two of the biggest and most important areas of speech that receive the most protection and seem to be at the core of the First Amendment rights. These two types of speech receive a great deal of scrutiny, however that scrutiny is usually never upheld. Other areas of speech involving obscenities receive no protection under the First Amendment. Commercial speech is an area of speech that in recent years is starting to gain a great deal of protection under the First Amendment. It has been determined that restrictions on commercial speech be subject to intermediate scrutiny. As a result of commercial speech many food and drug regulations have been invalidated. Commercial speech has recently gone from absolutely no protection under the First Amendment to qualified protection. Commercial speech was limited to promotion of commercial activities. Under the commercial speech doctrine speech does not lose its constitutional protection simply because it appears in a commercial context. Placing want ads in a newspaper is an area of commercial speech that is now protected under this doctrine, however those areas of commercial speech that promote illegal things like employment discrimination is indeed illegal and not protected under the First Amendment. 2. Name and discuss three of the first amendment theories found in the text. Freedom of expression started back in 1791 when the First Amendment was ratified in regards to freedom of the presses. Since the freedom of expression has changed dramatically with new media outlets like television, radio, and the Internet. Freedom of expression was and is used today as having no prior censorship. It also protects people from punishment after publication. Freedom of expression is quite different today, and today there can be nine different definitions of freedom of expression and are usually based on Supreme Court justices. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 â€Å"forbade false, scandalous, and malicious publications against the U. S. government, congress, and the President† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 48). The law was used to punish those who sought to cause problems and urged resistance to the government. There were 15 prosecutions under this law, many of which belonged to leading papers in the nation at that time. This law was overturned in 1801 and President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under this law. Today people are allowed to criticize the government and publicly hold views that do not go along with the government or the current administration with little to no prosecution. Taxation of the presses is another area und the First Amendment that has come under scrutiny. Taxing of newspapers and other press outlets was deemed unconstitutional. Government could not tax some members of certain branches over others, and taxing against the content of a publication was also found to be unconstitutional. It is unconstitutional also to â€Å"rule that selective taxation of the press through the narrow targeting of individual members offends the First Amendment and that a differential taxation of First Amendment speakers is constitutionally suspect when it threatens to suppress the expression of particular ideas or viewpoints† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 65). 3. What does prior restraint mean? Why is it important? Prior restraint is an official restriction of speech prior to publication. â€Å"Prior restraint refers to an unconstitutional attempt to prevent publication or broadcast of any statement, which is restraint on free speech and free press prohibited by the First Amendment† (USlegal. com, 2010). Areas that are covered under prior restraint are allowed to be published include libel, slander, obvious miss-truths, anti-government feelings and attitudes, racial and religious areas, and most any material where public security or public safety is not compromised. Public estraint also prohibits felons from profiting off of their crimes. It is used to describe the printing and profiting of illegal crimes. Prior restraint has gone through many revisions since its original inception. Prior restraint is important because it violates First Amendment rights. Free speech and free press should have priority but under prior restraint they do not. â€Å"Blackstone’s theory on this subjec t held that liberty of the press depended on having no prior restraints on publications and not in freedom from punishment when criminal matter is published† (USlegal. om, 2010). References Pember, D. R. , Clavert, C. (2011). Mass media law (17th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. First Amendment Religion and Expression Freedom of Expression-Speech and Press . (1996). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from Network Abuse Clearinghouse: abuse. net/commercial. html Prior restraint law legal definition. (2010). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from US legal: http://definitions. uslegal. com/p/prior-restraint/

The eNotes Blog Zeroes and Ones and Your Odds of Writing aBest-Seller

Zeroes and Ones and Your Odds of Writing aBest-Seller Did you ever suspect the runaway best-seller Fifty Shades of Grey was written by robots?   Well, somebody check E.L. James for vital signs because she might actually be an algorithm.   Check this out: Surely a human being would die of boredom before biting a lip in print forty-three times in one novel. Actually, Im skewing things a bit.   But it is true that [s]cientists have developed an algorithm which can analyse a book and predict with 84 per cent accuracy whether or not it will be a commercial success. (Source) By downloading books in public domain from Project Gutenberg , scientists from Stony Brook University in New York developed a program called statistical stylometry, which mathematically examines the use of words and grammar to determine the popularity of a book, matching the programs results to the sales of works from the past. The experiment involved a wide range of literary styles, from science fiction, to novels, to poetry. Factors in determining sales and popularity included the style of writing as well as novelty in plot and character (they do acknowledge that luck plays a role as well.) The program accurately predicted success, or failure, of those works an astonishing 84% of the time. So what factors seemed to indicate, in a more concrete way, what you should do to increase your odds of becoming a best-selling writer? Use a lot of conjunctions. Use a lot of nouns and adjectives. For the record, Papa Hemingway Disapproves of This Advice Avoid doing these things: An abundance of verbs and adverbs. Explicitly describing actions and emotions such as â€Å"wanted†, â€Å"took† or â€Å"promised. The authors of the program, of   course, stand by their conclusion, arguing that: â€Å"Previous work has attempted to gain insights into the ‘secret recipe’ of successful books. But most of these studies were qualitative, based on a dozen books, and focused primarily on high-level content the personalities of protagonists and antagonists and the plots. Our work examines a considerably larger collection 800 books over multiple genres, providing insights into lexical, syntactic, and discourse patterns that characterise the writing styles commonly shared among the successful literature.† With results like this, one wonders if this algorithm might truly be applied to hopeful writers, both those awaiting publication as well as already established writers.   Will a publisher take a chance on a novel that might take time to build an audience? One that scored low on the likely success meter?

Classical Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Classical Music - Essay Example Classical music is deeply rooted in the western liturgical and secular music. The development of classical music can be traced back from the 11th century to the present time. The main subject matters became to be codified between 1550 and 1900; this period is referred to as the common practice period. The history of classical music has been organized into various periods of development. When we talk about the history of classical music, we basically refer to thousands of years in its development and the considerable western influence and the ancient eastern music of the Asian continent. The various periods of classical music include: medieval, renaissance, baroque, classical, romantic and the contemporary period. The period between the years 0 to 1400 AD, was described as the medieval period. It is the longest period of the classical music history. During this period, Saint Gregory is credited for organizing the larger parts of classical music that developed in first centuries of the Christian church. Saint Gregory was the pope from 490 to 604.

Genetically Modified Crops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genetically Modified Crops - Essay Example Some have termed the genetically manipulated crops ‘frankenfoods’ and have questioned the potential harm to people and the environment that could come from their production. This discussion will answer these questions regarding the safety of these foods and present an overview of bioengineered foods. Bioengineering food involves â€Å"splicing a gene from one organism, such as a bacterium, into a plant or animal to confer certain traits† (Muth et al, 2002). These traits, developed for agricultural crops such as corn, soybeans, canola and cotton include increasing nutrients, tolerance to herbicides and drought, resistance to fungus and insects and reduced spoilage. Bioengineered corn and soybeans have become increasingly widespread among farmers during the last decade and the products can be commonly found in most grocery stores. Companies that engineer and produce bioengineered foods as well as manufacturers that choose to use these foods in their ingredients are faced with a stringent and ever-developing regulatory oversight by three government agencies; the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Which agency regulates a particular product is determined by the intended use of the crop. Very often, a product is regulated by multiple agencies. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, a division of the USDA monitors products and organisms that affect plants. Products and organisms derived from bioengineering methods introduced to or manufactured in the U.S. require USDA identification. This agency then determines if the item in question is a ‘regulated article’ or a possible disease. If the USDA decides that the product or crop is to be regulated, â€Å"a written approval usually is issued that designates conditions for introduction of the article† (McCammon,